抗磷脂综合征(APS)临床检测参考

作者:沃芬医疗器械商贸(北京)
2021-12-16

APS是一种系统性自身免疫病,临床上以动脉、静脉血栓形成,习惯性流产和血小板减少等症状为主要临床表现,病人血清中可以检测到抗磷脂抗体(aPL)。流行病学资料显示,APS的发病率约为5/100,000,患病率约为40-50/100,000。APS可分为原发性(PAPS)和继发性(SAPS)两种。PAPS的病因目前尚不明确,可能与遗传、感染等因素有关。多见于年轻人,男女发病比率为1:9,女性中位年龄为30岁;SAPS多见于系统性红斑狼疮或类风湿关节炎等自身免疫疾病。此外,还有一种少见的恶性抗磷脂综合征(catastrophic APS),表现为短期内进行性广泛血栓形成,造成多器官功能衰竭甚至死亡。



临床表现


1.1 动、静脉血栓形成:

APS血栓形成的临床表现取决于受累血管的种类、部位和大小,可以表现为单一或多个血管累及,见表1。APS的静脉血栓形成比动脉血栓形成多见。静脉血栓以下肢深静脉血栓最常见,此外还可见于肾脏、肝脏和视网膜。动脉血栓多见于脑部及上肢,还可累及肾脏、肠系膜及冠状动脉等部位。肢体静脉血栓形成可致局部水肿,肢体动脉血栓会引起缺血性坏疽,年轻人发生脑卒中或心肌梗死应排查原发性APS的可能。


1.2 产科表现:

胎盘血管的血栓导致胎盘功能不全,可引起习惯性流产、胎儿宫内窘迫、宫内发育迟滞或死胎。典型的APS流产常发生于妊娠lO周以后,但亦可发生得更早,这与抗心磷脂抗体(anticardiolipin antibodv,aCL)的滴度有关。APS孕妇可发生严重的并发症,早期可发生先兆子痫,亦可伴有溶血、肝酶升高及血小板减少,即HELLP综合征。


1.3 血小板减少:

是APS的另一重要表现。


1.4 APS相关的肾病:

主要表现为肾动脉血栓/狭窄、肾脏缺血坏死、肾性高血压、肾静脉的血栓、微血管的闭塞性肾病和相关的终末期肾病统称为APS相关的肾病。


1.5 其他:

80%的患者有网状青斑,心脏瓣膜病变是晚期出现的临床表现,严重者需要做瓣膜置换术。此外,APS相关的神经精神症状包括偏头痛、舞蹈病、癫痫、吉兰一巴雷综合征、一过性球麻痹等,缺血性骨坏死极少见。



APS标准检测与非标准检测项目特点


根据国际共识指南,APS患者的疾病分类标准为出现并符合以下一项临床标准和一项实验室标准

表1

 

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需要关注的重要检测


PS/PT(磷脂酰丝氨酸/凝血酶原) IgG或IgM抗体的存在预示着患者特殊临床亚型APS风险很高抗磷脂抗体不是直接结合磷脂,而是磷脂-蛋白复合物。


PS/PT抗体与LAC(狼疮抗凝物)有很高的关联性,仅适用于当遇到LAC检测结果不明确,而APS临床疑似度很高的情况,如果体内检测到PS/PT抗体的话,会大大的增加了APS诊断的准确性。最新研究显示,PS/PT复合物抗体能够可鉴别特定的临床亚型APS患者群体,预后较差。单独PS或者PT抗体检测提供的临床相关信息大大低于PS/PT复合物。2


最新研究表明,随着APS患者和磷脂抗体携带者的检测指标阳性数目增多,出现血栓形成的风险也不断提高。2 在23种抗磷脂抗体检测组合中,LAC、β2GP1和PS/PT三种抗体均为阳性的检测组合的诊断准确性最高。2


β2GP1功能区1抗体对于APS疾病诊断特异性很高,可以辅助临床治疗方案


抗β2GP1抗体能够与同一抗原中的多个抗原决定表位结合,越来越多的证据表明,功能区1是与APS患者血清中抗β2GP1抗体相关性最高的结合表位。众多研究表明,实质上,抗功能区1抗体与抗磷脂相关疾病密切关联,包括血管和分娩相关疾病。7

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INOVA诊断公司提供最前沿的APS检测产品,包括QUANTA Lite PS/PT和QUANTA Flash β2GP1 domain 1。尤其当遇到LAC(狼疮抗凝物)检测结果不确定,而APS临床疑似度很高的情况,如果体内检测到PS/PT抗体的话,会大大的增加APS诊断的准确性,因为PS/PT抗体与LAC相关性很高。将PT(凝血酶原)与PS(磷脂酰丝氨酸)结合在一起,构象发生改变,比PT或者PS单体存在时显露出更多的临床相关抗原表位。因此,PS和PT的抗体对于APS临床表现缺乏特异性,而PS/PT复合物抗体与APS引起的血栓和妊娠并发症相关性很高。1-6


QUANTA Flash β2GP1 功能区1(domain 1)试剂是INOVA公司独家产品,识别与β2糖蛋白1的免疫优势抗原表位功能区1相结合的抗体,而β2GP1功能区1抗体的存在与APS引起的血栓等不良反应的风险增加有很高的相关性。7-8


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